|
|
Distances at which
|
|
|
Distances at which
|
Distances that light sources can be
detected
|
|
|
Headlights of motor vehicles and tanks |
4-8 kilometers |
|
Muzzle flashes from single cannons |
4-5 kilometers |
|
Muzzle flashes from small arms |
1.5-2 kilometers |
|
Bonfire |
6-8 kilometers |
|
Flashlight |
up to 1.5 – 2 kilometers |
|
Light match |
up to 1.5 kilometers |
|
Lighted cigarette |
500 – 800 meters |
|
Reference: |
|
Distances that sounds are perceptible to
|
|
|
Cannon shot |
up to 15 kilometers |
|
Single shot from a rifle |
2-3 kilometers |
|
Automatic weapons fire |
3-4 kilometers |
|
Tanks |
up to 1.2 kilometers |
|
Tanks |
3-4 kilometers |
|
Motor
Vehicles |
up to 500 meters |
|
Motor
Vehicles |
up to 1 kilometer |
|
Troops
on Foot |
up to 300 meters |
|
Troops
on Foot |
up to 600 meters |
|
Small arms loading |
up to 500 meters |
|
Metal on metal |
up to 300 meters |
|
Conversation of a few men |
up to 300 meters |
|
Steps of a single man |
up to 40 meters |
|
Axe
blow or |
up to 500 meters |
|
Blows
of shovels |
up to 1,000 meters |
|
Screams |
up to 1,500 meters |
|
Oars on water |
up to 2,000 meters |
|
Reference: |
|
Table 2-1. Audibility of Various Actions. |
|
|
Sound |
Maximum Distance (m) |
|
Human speech |
100- 200 |
|
Stakes being pounded into the ground by hand |
300 |
|
Stakes being pounded into the ground mechanically |
500 |
|
Trenches being dug (shovel striking rocks or iron) |
500-1,000 |
|
Tree cutting, tree falling |
800 |
|
Automatic fire |
1,000-2,000 |
|
Single rifle shot |
3,000 |
|
Reference: |
|
Table 2-3. Use of Trees and Foliage
|
|
|
Tree Description |
Distance (m) |
|
Trunk and main branches are visible. Foliage appears in cluster-like shape. Daylight may be seen through the foliage. |
1,000 |
|
Trunk is visible, main branches are distinguishable, foliage appears as smooth surface. Outlines of foliage of separate trees are distinguishable. |
2,000 |
|
Lower half of trunk is visible. Branches blend with foliage. Foliage blends with adjoining trees. |
3,000 |
|
Trunk and branches blend with foliage and appear as a continuous cluster, smooth in appearance. Movement of foliage caused by wind cannot be detected. |
4,000 |
|
The whole area covered by trees appears smooth and dark. |
5,000 and beyond |
|
Reference: |
|
Table 2-4. Use of Various Objects for Estimating Distance. |
|
|
Object Identified by the Unaided Eye |
Distance (m) |
|
Lone tree trunk |
1,000 |
|
Individuals and horsemen |
1,500 |
|
Chimneys on rooftops |
3,000 |
|
Windows in houses |
4,000 |
|
Individual houses in a populated area |
4,000 - 5,000 |
|
Villages and individual houses |
8,000 - 9,000 |
|
Large houses, towers, and steeples |
15,000 - 18,000 |
|
Reference: |
|
